![]() Cumulative evidence for this view arises from the following macro-evolutionary observations (see Supplementary Table 2 for relevant references): correlations between attributes of flowers and their flower visitors across lineages (i.e., pollination syndromes) pollinator shifts associated with transitions in flower color leading to geographic variation within or across plant lineages or entire plant communities spatial variation in attraction of pollinators with different color preference resulting in local adaptation effects of flower color on pollinator behavior causing disassortative mating and reproductive isolation in plant hybrid zones and the resemblance of color signals of a floral or non-floral model by a mimicking plant (i.e., plant floral mimicry systems). There is wide agreement that today’s diversity of flower colors in angiosperms is largely shaped by variation in the interactions with pollinating animals through the process of natural selection ( Schiestl and Johnson, 2013 Van der Niet et al., 2014 Gervasi and Schiestl, 2017). Flower color may also show temporal variation within the same individual intrinsically as a result of aging or extrinsically in response to pollination or changes in abiotic conditions (e.g., Weiss, 1995 Suzuki and Ohashi, 2014 Supplementary Table 1). Flower color shows, for example, differences at various spatial scales ranging from variation - both continuous and discrete - among individual plants of the same population, plant populations, closely related species, and different flowering communities (e.g., Menzel and Shmida, 1993 Meléndez-Ackerman et al., 1997 Irwin and Strauss, 2005 Ellis and Johnson, 2009 Caruso et al., 2010 Supplementary Table 1). There is an almost bewildering diversity of flower colors and color patterns in flowering plants with colors spanning the entire color spectrum of human and pollinator vision ( Menzel and Shmida, 1993), and varying enormously over a range of geographic and temporal scales. In conclusion, we encourage future research to bring together plant and animal scientists to jointly forward our understanding of the mechanisms and circumstances of pollinator-mediated selection on flower color. We emphasize currently persisting weaknesses in experimental procedures, and provide some suggestions for how to improve methodology. We propose several possible explanations related to the complexity in the interaction between the colors of flowers and the sensory and cognitive abilities of pollinators as well as pollinator behavioral responses, on the one hand, and the distribution of variation in color phenotypes and fitness, on the other hand. We found that evidence for significant pollinator-mediated selection is surprisingly limited among existing studies. In this review, we summarize experiments quantifying selection on continuous flower color variation in natural plant populations in the context of pollinator interactions. However, most of our current understanding of flower color evolution arises from variation between discrete color morphs and completed color shifts accompanying pollinator shifts, while evidence for pollinator-mediated selection on continuous variation in flower colors within populations is still scarce. Flower colors are very diverse, effect pollinator attraction and flower foraging behavior, and are hypothesized to be shaped through pollinator-mediated selection. The evolution of floral traits in animal-pollinated plants involves the interaction between flowers as signal senders and pollinators as signal receivers. 3Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW, Australia.2Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.1CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.Judith Trunschke 1 Klaus Lunau 2 Graham H.
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